The efftects model is the idea that audiences are passive and isolated individuals who soak up negative messages from the media-is this what happens when we see crime as glamourised on certain TV programmes?

David gauntlett details the 'ten things wrong with the effects model' on this site:
http://www.theory.org.uk/tenthings.htm
1. The effects model tackles social problems 'backwards': simplifying the causes2. The effects model treats children as inadequate: their intelligence is underestimated3. Assumptions within the effects model are characterised by barely-concealed conservative ideology
4. The effects model inadequately defines its own objects of study
5. The effects model is often based on artificial elements and assumptions within studies
6. The effects model is often based on studies with misapplied methodology
7. The effects model is selective in its criticisms of media depictions of violence
8. The effects model assumes superiority to the masses
9. The effects model makes no attempt to understand meanings of the media
10. The effects model is not grounded in theory
'Audiences are not blank sheets of paper on which media messages can be written; members of an audience will have prior attitudes and beliefs which will determine how effective media messages are. (Abercrombie 1996, 140)'
Supporters of the Effects model assume the audience is passive in the receiving and interpretation of media texts. This problem is highlighted in David Gauntletts ten things wrong with the effects model; points 2, 3, and 9